![]() A very different pattern of hippocampal/MTL interaction can result when the injury occurs before the memory circuit has functionally developed, with plastic changes in the MTL cortices potentially altering the balance between working memory and LTM contributions during memory formation (Elward & Vargha‐Khadem, 2018). Furthermore, adult‐onset injury hippocampal injury with or without MTL involvement usually occurs in previously healthy people who had relied on a normally organized memory circuit with access to both working memory and LTM operating in tandem. We would note in this context though that it is difficult to attribute reported deficits specifically to hippocampal or parahippocampal function, given that these studies often report on adult‐acquired amnesia resulting from hippocampal plus broader MTL damage. Building on this, it has been argued that binding in working memory also has a key hippocampal or MTL component, with studies reporting deficits in patients with hippocampal and/or broader MTL damage in tasks designed to measure binding and/or associative memory over the short term (e.g., Hannula et al., 2015 Olson et al., 2006 Pertzov et al., 2013 Zokaei et al., 2019). For example, substantial evidence has implicated an important role for the hippocampus in episodic LTM, particularly regarding the way in which disparate elements of an episode are associated or bound together to form a coherent representation (e.g., Davachi, 2006 Eichenbaum et al., 2007). An alternative possibility is that the hippocampus may contribute to any memory task, regardless of load or duration, particularly if it is recall‐based. The more established view is for a separation, with the hippocampus playing an important role in key forms of cognition such as episodic memory, spatial awareness, and navigation, while not critically contributing to working memory (e.g., Eichenbaum, 2006 Eichenbaum et al., 1994). One issue that is relevant to this debate is the extent to which the hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures are involved in both WM and LTM, or only the latter (see Allen ( 2018) for a brief review). This debate has been focused at the theoretical level but has heavily drawn on the neuropsychological literature (see, e.g., Baddeley et al., 2019, 2021 Buchsbaum & D'Esposito, 2019 Cowan, 1988 Hanley & Young, 2019 Logie, 2019 Morey, 2018 Morey et al., 2019 Shallice & Papagno, 2019). However, debate continues concerning the relationship between temporary and long‐term retention. Much of the evidence for such a distinction has been provided by neuropsychological case studies, showing impaired long‐term memory (LTM) alongside preserved short‐term memory (STM e.g., Baddeley & Warrington, 1970 Milner, 1966) or vice versa (Shallice & Warrington, 1970 Vallar & Baddeley, 1984). ![]() A long‐standing distinction has been drawn between short‐term or working memory (WM) and long‐term memory.
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